THE 



ARS ELITE 




V 




class HB nj 



Book 



Copyright N°. 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



THE 

MARSELITE 

SOME HELPFUL 

OBSERVATIONS 

ON SUBJECTS OF INTEREST TO 
THE EARTH'S PEOPLE 



BY 
ROBERT DE MARS 




PRICE 50 CENTS 






Copyright, 1911 

J. F. Ryan, Publisher 

Chicago 



^l 



©CU303236 



WHY PRINTED 

Robert De Mars points out the error in the 
doctrine of free trade by proving that the free 
trade and the protection economists were both 
wrong in assuming that trade was an exchange of 
goods for goods. 

This is an entirely new contribution to the sub- 
ject of political economy, and presents, for the first 
time, a solid, sound foundation for protective tariff 
reasoning. 

The cause of excessive profits in some protected 
industries is explained. This is new also. 

Our unwise patent laws are commented on; 
their part in creating monopolies and trusts is 
pointed out, and the remedy suggested; and this 
is new. 

A plain, sane statement about money and its 
uses is presented, which is new and interesting to 
most of the Earth's people. 

These are some of the reasons why the Marselite's 
views are made into a book, 

BY THE PUBLISHER. 



"Government ownership or Socialism is only 
possible when the Earth's people are far enough ad- 
vanced so that the gentleman who has the duty of 
collecting the fares in your public conveyances is 
not under the necessity of ringing a bell to announce 
to all within hearing that he has come into possession 
of a five-cent piece that doesn't belong to him." 

— Robert De Mars. 



SUBJECTS 

Page 

The Marselite 7 

A Protective Tariff 11 

Trade Not Exchange of Goods for Goods. 
Exchanging Things Not Goods. 
Protection Not Cause of Excessive Profits. 
A Fixed Policy. 
Profits of Importer. 
Transportation a Waste. 

Light on Excessive Profits.. 35 
Trusts and Patents 37 

Reward Inventor and Benefit Public. 
Amount of Reward. 
Relieve Congestion of Cities. 

Observations on Money 47 

The Banker. 
Emergency Money. 

Exports and Imports 58 

For Census Year 1910. 

About Mars 63 



THE MARSELITE 

He had been here several years, he said, 
but expected to return to the planet Mars 
very soon, and he requested that the views 
which he confided to a few be unpublished 
till he had returned to his own people. 

Robert De Mars was our favorite name 
for him, and if this individual was not from 
our neighboring planet, he gave us the im- 
pression of being different from the Earth's 
people in habits, diet, thought and tempera- 
ment. 

The Marselite regarded our social and 
economic life as very complicated and crude, 
and he seemed to think we could simplify 
our affairs in a very short time. 

Herewith are presented some of the Mar- 
selite's views, by one who hopes they may be 
helpful to the World's people. 

Let us think them over. 



THE MARSELITE 



First, the Marselite believes we are 
afflicted with a short-sighted selfishness 
which prevents us making rapid social pro- 
gress. The extremes of poverty and wealth 
appalled him, as did the vast differences in 
individual capacities, in intellect and moral- 
ity. 

This short-sighted selfishness was mani- 
fested in the disposition of the individual to 
get what we term in the vernacular a 
"cinch." We are, therefore, slow to make 
laws which would make it difficult for any- 
body to get a cinch. 

Down deep in our hearts we all have a 
hope that some day we will land on the be- 
loved cinch, and then have leisure, and all 
the good things of earth, principal of 
which is to have an audience of the cinchless 
to admire our superiority. That's what 
the Marselite said. Let us think it over. 

There are two other indictments against 
us, and they are like unto the first. 

One of these failings is that we are belly 
cowards. We worship the fetish of three 
meals a day, and we are in mortal dread of 

8 



THE MARSELITE 



missing one or two of them, or having their 
amplitude curtailed. This seemed to be the 
principal cause for our lamb-like submission 
to conditions which could be altered in a 
few months. The cinch holders will surely 
not let go without an effort to starve or chill 
the people so they will not be able to pry the 
aforesaid cinch holders loose from their ad- 
vantage. 

In any discussion of methods of bringing 
about a change there is apparent, and upper- 
most, the fear of disturbing things, thus 
interfering with the dearly cherished food 
and the gorgeous raiment, or the up-to- 
dateness of the coats, pantaloons, vests, ties, 
collars, gowns, hats, etc., with which we are 
accustomed to disguise our bodies, both as 
to their beauties and defects. That's what 
the Marselite said. Let us think it over. 

The next little indictment against us is 
that we are "afraid of our wives." Think 
that over ladies — and husbands. 

We dread to displease them, and that is 
one of the chief causes of our industrial 
dependence. The man would be willing to 



THE MARSELITE 



make a fight if it wasn't for the wife and chil- 
dren. He doesn't dare to go home and say: 
Here are conditions that can be remedied if we 
just make a row and curtail our eating, 
wearing apparel and all our little comforts 
and pleasures for about six months. 

It is true that when workmen go on a 
strike the women often urge on the battle, 
but that struggle is for their immediate ad- 
vantage, which means more clothes, more 
food, more enjoyment, more comfort — 
right now. 

Your wife is in sympathy with you and 
your efforts to better conditions permanent- 
ly — sure thing — but go home and propose 
it to her and see what she says. She won't 
consent to go six months without new clothes 
and on short rations. That's what the Mar- 
selite said. Let us think it over gentlemen 
— and ladies. 



A PROTECTIVE TARIFF 

Being the views of one Robert De Mars, a visitor 
from our neighboring planet. 

We called him Robert of Mars, so that will 
have to stand for his name. He had some 
original views on many subjects, and if he 
was not from the planet Mars he at least 
seemed to view our affairs from the attitude 
of a spectator rather than as a participant. 

The Marselite believed we were doing 
pretty well as an undeveloped people, but 
were afflicted with a short-sighted selfish- 
ness that very materially hindered our pro- 
gress. In an economic way we were well 
advanced in production, but on the subject 
of exchange we had much to learn. 

Exchange of products of our labor, and of 
services, was commented on freely, and some 
of the Marselite 's views are interesting. 

First, we will take up the subject of a 
tariff, or import duty, or what is termed a 
"Protective Tariff," as this is of great im- 
portance at this time. 



THE MARSELITE 



The people of the United States seem to 
be divided on the question of whether or not 
it is wise to have a Protective Tariff. One 
party is committed to a Protective Tariff 
for the alleged purpose of fostering and 
building up manufactories. The other party 
is in favor of a "Tariff for Revenue," where 
protection is only incidental. 

All of the Free Traders, either those who 
are outspoken for Free Trade, or those who 
are at heart Free Traders, affiliate and vote 
with the party which declares for "A Tariff 
for Revenue Only." 

It is notable that nearly all of the Pro- 
fessors of Political Economy are avowed Free 
Traders. This is due to the fact that the 
theoretical, scientific argument of the Free 
Traders seems to be sound, therefore Free 
Traders have the better of the logical argu- 
ment. 

This is accounted for from the acceptance, 
by all Political Economists, of an axiom, 
which is — that "trade is an exchange of 
goods for goods." The formulae is as fol- 
lows: We exchange goods for money, which 



THE MARSELITE 



money is of no use to us until we exchange it 
again for goods ; hence money — the medium 
of exchange — only serves to effect the ex- 
change of " goods for goods." 

No Protectionist denies this so-called 
axiom of Political Economy. The some- 
what complicated system of exchange, and 
the manner in which it has grown up, gives 
the appearance of soundness to the doctrine 
that trade is an exchange of "goods for 
goods." 



TRADE IS NOT AN EXCHANGE OF GOODS 
FOR GOODS 

The Marselite denies this so-called axiom, 
and for a reason which seems very simple, 
and only needs to be pointed out to be self- 
evident. The error is in the assumption 
that exchange is confined to goods, the word 
" goods" signifying the products of capital 
and labor. As a matter of fact, you ex- 
change goods for money (or, in international 
trade, gold). This may or may not be used 
in the purchase of goods. It is true that we 



THE MARSELITE 



must exchange money for other things in 
order to have any use of the money. Money 
in itself cannot be used for any purpose other 
than exchange. What we really do with 
surplus money (or profits) is to use all or 
part of it for the purchase of those things 
which are not goods at all. We may pur- 
chase with this money land, patent rights, 
franchises and other things which are not 
goods, in that they are not concrete, tangible 
products of capital and labor; hence the ar- 
gument of the Free Trader, that when we 
import goods we must pay for these goods in 
other goods is wholly erroneous. 

Take the case of the farmer who must 
purchase manufactured goods : If he has not 
the money with which to buy these goods, or 
cannot readily exchange the product of his 
labor for the money in sufficient amount to 
buy the goods needed, he does the next best 
thing, which is to sell his land. It is true 
that it is not common for a farmer, or home 
owner, to sell a piece of land to buy goods 
needed for^ his use. That which he does 
most frequently is to give a mortgage, but a 



THE MARSELITE 



mortgage is a sale of property. Mortgages 
convey the property to the mortgagee, the 
instrument of conveyance reserving the right 
to the mortgagor to buy back the property 
at the end of a stated time at the price stipu- 
lated. In this instance the farmer, or the 
owner of the land, instead of making ex- 
change of " goods for goods," takes over the 
goods and pays for them with money which 
he secures from the sale of the land in the 
form of a mortgage, and also agrees to pay a 
stipulated sum per year, which is the in- 
terest, and then at the end of a stated period 
must pay back the original cost of the goods, 
or turn over the land to the mortgagee. 
Here is a very obvious instance of a case 
where the exchange is not one of "goods for 
goods . " As a matter of fact what the farm- 
er, or landowner, does in this case is to pay for 
the privilege of living on and using his land. 
In countries where land is cheap and 
plenty, land is more frequently sold than in 
older communities. In a new country land 
valuations increase rapidly by reason of the 
increase in population. Hence the persons 
15 



THE MARSELITE 



who exchange goods for land have a decided 
advantage over those who exchange land for 
goods, or " goods for goods." Goods are 
perishable and decrease in value even if they 
are not consumed, whereas lands of all kinds 
increase in value. Population is the chief 
factor in giving value to land. This is true 
of all lands, whether they be mineral, agri- 
cultural or urban lands, used for manufac- 
turing, mercantile or residence purposes. 



EXCHANGING THINGS WHICH ARE 
NOT GOODS 

Because the Earth's people exchange those 
things which are not goods in the same 
manner commodities are exchanged, there 
is likely to be confusion in distinguishing 
between the two radically different things. 

You can exchange money for land: buy 
and sell land the same as you do goods, and 
very frequently you convey in the same 
transaction land and goods. This is done 
when you sell land and buildings which are 
sold under the term "real estate," which 

16 



THE MARSELITE 



term includes both the land which is not a 
commodity (goods), and also the buildings 
which are the product of capital and labor 
and are, therefore, goods. 

When we convey land all we really convey 
is the right to its exclusive use. 

In the same way you convey the exclusive 
right to use the public streets, or an exclu- 
sive right to serve the people by granting 
franchises for electric lighting, gas, street 
car, telephone and water privileges. 

Here, again, the title to these privileges is 
usually represented in conjunction with the 
commodities, such as plants, cars, wires, 
pipes, etc., etc. This is conveyed by the 
stock and bonds of the company, and here 
is another instance where we are likely to 
get confused and not distinguish between 
"goods" and the things which are not 
goods. 

A patent right is not a commodity though 
it is bought and sold the same as goods. 
The thing patented is, of course, the prod- 
uct of some one's brain and hand, and is, 
therefore, goods, but you must distinguish 

i7 



THE MARSELITE 



between the article patented and the exclu- 
sive right to make or use the article. The 
right is a franchise granted by the govern- 
ment and is not " goods." 

It seems surprising that the author of one 
of the most widely-known and ably-written 
books advocating Free Trade should 
fall into the error of accepting the doctrine 
that trade was an exchange of " goods for 
goods," because this author spent the great- 
er part of his life in the effort to prove that 
he who could exchange his capital and labor 
for land and other special privileges had an 
advantage over his fellows that he should 
not be permitted to enjoy. 

It is not necessary to go into a detailed 
analysis of the advantages to the individual 
who exchanges his goods — which are per- 
ishable, hence consumed as they are used — 
for the indestructible, imperishable things, 
such as land. When the term land is used 
it is used in its broadest sense; that is, the 
economic term "land" which embraces all 
natural resources. 

Not only is the manufacturer who disposes 

18 



THE MARSELITE 



of his goods for land an example of the fact 
that trade is not an exchange of " goods for 
goods." The manufacturer may purchase 
a patent right, which is an exclusive right to 
make or do a certain thing in a certain way ; 
or he may purchase stocks or bonds based 
upon a franchise to do a certain thing in a 
certain way ; such, for instance, as gas plants, 
water works, electric light privileges, street 
car franchises, etc., which are granted by 
communities to private individuals or cor- 
porations: (In reality a delegation to indi- 
viduals or corporations of an exclusive right 
to do certain things for the rest of the com- 
munity). It is unnecessary to dwell upon 
the advantages of the ownership of such 
special rights and privileges. 

The purpose of the illustrations is not to 
call attention to the right or wrong of the 
granting of these special privileges, but to 
make obvious the fact that trade is not an 
"exchange of goods for goods." 

It might be argued that it does not matter 
whether the manufacturer is in this country 
or abroad, that he will, in any event, invest 
19 



THE MARSELITE 



his excess profits in those things which are 
not goods. But if he is a manufacturer re- 
siding in this country, the wealth acquired 
remains in the country, and this is one of the 
chief contentions of the Protectionists — 
that a tariff tends to increase the wealth of 
the community. Also, as by the operation 
of a Protective Tariff the home manufac- 
turers and all their employees are obliged to 
buy the produce of the home farmer, they 
are consumers who will the more certainly 
make a local market, and the man who 
holds the mortgage will be compelled, in 
a measure, to take farm products for his 
claim. 

Land has doubled in value in the United 
States within the last 10 years, and if we had 
exchanged "land for goods" with European 
manufacturers, they would be receiving in 
the form of rent just double the value of the 
goods for which we gave them land — under 
the mistaken idea that we were trading 
"goods for goods." 

If this condition was to maintain for any 
great length of time, say several decades, we 



THE MARSELITE 



would be paying the foreign manufacturer 
for the privilege of living in this country — 
paying him in produce, if we could give it to 
him cheaper than he could get it in the 
world's markets, — otherwise with money, 
with which he could buy more land. We 
would soon be doing a fine export business, 
for a large part of which the only return we 
received would be the privilege of living on 
the land, which may be a good idea, but the 
Marselite " guessed not." 



PROTECTION NOT CAUSE OF EXCESSIVE 
PROFITS 

The Protectionist claims that a Protective 
Tariff which permits of goods being manu- 
factured in this country — while it may 
temporarily raise the price of the goods — 
will, ultimately, tend to reduce prices, by 
reason of the fact that competition will bring 
profits to a normal condition, so that if prof- 
its are excessive, capital and labor will gravi- 
tate toward the industry which yields an 
excessive profit, and competition will there- 



THE MARSELITE 



fore bring prices to the average of profit 
enjoyed in any industry. This should be 
the outcome of a Protective Tariff, but if a 
manufacturer, by reason of the ownership of 
a patent, or other artificial advantages, is 
enabled to prevent competition, his profits 
will be excessive. An analysis of the pro- 
tected industries which have proved excep- 
tionally profitable will disclose the fact that 
the use of patented machinery, appliances or 
methods, or the ownership of coal or mineral 
lands, are the chief assets of the manufac- 
turer receiving an excessive profit, because 
they give him a monopoly. 

The limits of this article will not permit 
the presentation of such an array of facts as 
will be necessary to carry conviction. The 
unprejudiced investigator has only to make 
himself familiar with the facts to be con- 
vinced. Let us think it over. 

The Protectionists' strength in the United 
States has been due largely to the fact that 
access to land has been easy, hence labor and 
capital have been high priced, and a pro- 
tective tariff has been necessary to enable 



THE MARSELITE 



wages to be paid and capital to be reim- 
bursed in sufficient degree to attract labor 
and capital to the manufacturing pursuits. 
In older communities where labor is cheap, 
capital plenty — and consequently cheap — 
production of articles in which labor and 
capital are the larger elements can be carried 
on much more economically than in the 
United States, or any new country, and in 
order to build up manufacturing industries a 
protective tariff is essential in order that 
capital and labor may be induced to engage 
in the manufacturing pursuits. 

Agricultural pursuits are simple, and in a 
new country the people can easily produce 
crops. Crops are raised annually, and a 
small amount of capital and very little skill 
is necessary to engage in these pursuits. 

It is a law of economics that we exert our- 
selves along the lines of least resistance. To 
engage in manufacturing necessitates the 
tying up of capital in improvements, more or 
less permanent, such as buildings, machin- 
ery, etc., and also the developing of skilled 
labor. In acquiring skill apprentices are 

23 



THE MARSELITE 



obliged to work for small wages, and unless 
there was an assurance of greater reward to 
be obtained later, labor would not acquire the 
necessary skill for the production of manu- 
factured articles. 



A FIXED POLICY 

To get the greatest and fullest benefit of a 
protective tariff, a country should be so ab- 
solutely committed to the protective policy 
that manufacturers would be certain that 
radical changes would not be made. 

Agitation and an uncertain policy have 
two disadvantages which prevent the pro- 
tective policy from reaching its highest 
efficiency. First, owners of plants are re- 
strained from enlarging their facilities for 
fear that the enterprise may be jeopardized 
by reduction in duties. Second, new fac- 
tories are not likely to start up because of 
the uncertainty of the returns, by reason of 
possible change in the laws; therefore com- 
petition among home manufacturers will not 
operate so effectively to keep down profits 
24 



THE MARSELITE 



and give the whole people all the benefits 
there may be in competition. 

A country desiring to build up manu- 
factories should be committed to a protective 
policy which will assure capital and labor 
adequate returns. 

The question of the amount of tariff to be 
levied is not of great importance, provided 
it be large enough to insure absolute security 
and protection to the persons who engage in 
manufacturing. A country should be ab- 
solutely committed to a tariff whose sched- 
ules would not be subject to frequent re- 
vision. There need be no fear of getting 
them too high. Be sure that they are high 
enough and you have accomplished the pur- 
pose of attracting capital and labor to the 
manufacturing pursuits. 

The value of the home market for manu- 
factured goods and for agricultural products 
is recognized the world over as the best form 
of market. Even Great Britain, which is 
called a Free Trade country, tries to retain 
the home market, and in the last few years a 
law has been passed in that country permit- 
25 



THE MARSELITE 



ting local manufacturers to use patented 
machinery and to manufacture patented 
articles, provided the patented articles or 
machinery are produced principally in for- 
eign countries. As is well known, the trad- 
ing nations recognize the patent laws of 
other nations, and if a patent is issued in the 
United States, all that is necessary is to regis- 
ter this patent in the countries which have 
reciprocal patent laws. But England, recog- 
nizing that patented machinery in other 
countries enabled production in many lines 
to be carried on cheaper than it could be 
carried on in Great Britain, passed the law 
referred to above for the express purpose of 
retaining the home market ; and many Amer- 
ican and other foreign manufacturers have 
established factories in England in order to 
protect their patents. 

The greater the manufacturing industries of 
the country, the better off will be the farmers, 
or the producer of raw materials such as 
cotton, wool, beef, hides, food products, etc. 

If this were a Free Trade country, or the 
tariff was so low as to permit manufactured 
26 



THE MARSELITE 



goods to be freely imported, and we were 
obliged to dispose of our food stuffs and raw 
materials in the world's markets, we would 
be at a decided disadvantage in times of 
short crops, because we would then be open 
to the world's competition, or in case of wars, 
or an interruption of commerce, our indus- 
tries would be very badly crippled. 

Aside from the fact that the world's people 
are not yet far enough advanced to refrain 
from war (at which times commerce would 
be interrupted) , it is vastly better to engage 
as many of your own people in manufactur- 
ing as it is possible to feed and clothe from 
your own fields. Manufacturing is not sub- 
ject to weather conditions, for it is carried on 
indoors. Rain, snow, or inclement weather 
of any kind does not interrupt production. 
If producers of breadstuffs, wool, cotton and 
other raw materials have a short crop, the 
producers would receive higher prices, and 
conditions would be equalized, because those 
engaged in manufacturing pursuits would be 
assured of a market, for the reason that the 
higher prices for a smaller crop would main- 

27 



THE MARSELITE 



tain the purchasing power of the agricultural 
population. This compelling people of a 
country of varied and ample resources to 
trade with each other by the application of 
an import duty maintains a balance that 
makes for the general good and individual 
prosperity. 

Most people will admit that this is a cor- 
rect arrangement, but your Free Trader ob- 
jects to interference with trade. He con- 
tends that trade is a voluntary act and that 
there should not be interference with it. 
Trade is not voluntary at all, except that you 
can volunteer to go without food, clothing or 
shelter, and starve, freeze or perish from ex- 
posure, if you elect to do so. If you prefer 
not to exercise this option of dying, you must 
trade the things you have, or can produce by 
your labor, for the things you need. And a 
wise people will prescribe a method of trad- 
ing — the how, where and with whom — 
which seems best for the entire community. 



THE MARSELITE 



PROFITS OF IMPORTER 

The fact that a foreign manufacturer can 
produce an article for one-half what a home 
producer can make it doesn't mean that the 
consumer would get the full benefit. The 
importer is one of the chief advocates of a 
low tariff — and the dear fellow isn't after a 
low tariff for the consumer's benefit. He is 
like the rest of the earth's people. He will 
sell just enough below the home manufac- 
turer to get the trade, and he will not worry 
himself if the home producer goes out of 
business and the foreign maker raises his 
price as a result of less competition. If the 
importing goes merrily on he will be happy 
because business is good, and an importer 
has the same right as the rest of you to be 
happy over good business. 

Of course excess profits in his line will in- 
vite competition, but if he is a true American 
he will make his money after the custom of 
the country — "right now — quick " — and 
take his chance with the competition after 

he has made his pile. 
29 



THE MARSELITE 



International trade is desirable only be- 
cause we can exchange the things which we 
produce readily for those which we produce 
with great difficulty, or not at all. 

As stated in another part of this article, 
protected industries will receive no greater 
margin of profit than other industries, be- 
cause an excess profit would result in attract- 
ing capital and labor so that competition 
would eventually equalize all profits in all 
industries. 

That this is not true in this country, or in 
any other country, is due to the special 
privileges enjoyed by some manufacturers on 
account of patented machinery, patented 
processes, patented articles, or some special 
advantage which has nothing to do with the 
tariff. 

The Marselite's conclusion is, that until 
exchange is confined to " goods for goods," 
a Protective Tariff for the United States is 
desirable and absolutely necessary. 

Also that every article that can possibly be 
manufactured in this country should be 
made here, regardless of the amount of the 
30 



THE MARSELITE 



tariff necessary to permit the industry to be 
carried on profitably. Every person em- 
ployed in a protected industry is a purchaser 
of products produced by other members of 
the protected community; hence every in- 
dividual in a protected community gets the 
full benefit of the protection, and the ideal 
condition in the United States at this time, 
under our present method of production and 
exchange, is to have a tariff that would make 
a home market for every producer in the 
United States, with a Commission, or some 
other body of men, authorized to make re- 
ciprocal arrangements where an exchange of 
" goods for goods" would be accomplished 
by such arrangement. 

The right sort of a schedule, according to 
the Marselite, would be one sufficiently high 
to keep out competitive articles, with au- 
thority vested in some department of gov- 
ernment to lower, or remove, the duty where 
a local shortgage or other conditions would 
make it advisable to take such action. 



THE MARSELITE 



TRANSPORTATION A WASTE 

Exchange is a mode of production, and 
whenever, in process of exchange, trans- 
portation can be eliminated or minimized, 
we make a saving. 

The farmer is well aware of the advantage 
of a short haul to market. If his farm is one 
mile to market, instead of ten miles, he saves 
much labor, and the advantage appears in 
the greater value of his acres. If industries 
were in his home town so that his entire 
produce was consumed by the local popula- 
tion, he need not be told what advantage it 
would be to him. That is easily understood. 
If a tariff would start a factory in his home 
town the agriculturist could see the ad- 
vantage so readily that you would have no 
difficulty with the schedule. The same 
principle is true in the nation, and the ad- 
vantage to the producer of breadstuffs, cat- 
tle, hides, wool, cotton, etc., is just as obvi- 
ous. Shipping goods abroad and having 
other goods shipped here is a complete waste 



THE MARSELITE 



of labor. Every mile of travel we save in 
exchanging goods is a saving of time, labor 
and money. Where manufactories exist 
there is population, and population makes 
land values. Therefore the land owner gets 
the full benefit of the production which aids 
in building up factories in his own country. 

The contention that the foreign or world's 
market makes the price of the farmers' pro- 
duce is not true. It is the surplus which 
each country has to export that governs 
prices, and if the United States uses all, or 
nearly all, its own produce the surplus for 
shipment will aid in determining the price 
abroad; so that we may well say that the 
home market governs the foreign price. 

The compensation which labor receives is 
termed " wages." The amount of wage a 
worker receives is governed by supply and 
demand, the same as commodities. The 
amount of compensation received, and the 
number of hours necessary to secure the 
wage, will depend upon the number of people 
seeking employment, and the employment 
which is to be had. 

33 



THE MARSELITE 



The more manufactories there are in a 
country, the greater will be the demand for 
employees, and consequently higher wages 
will be paid. 

If the manufacturer of shoes, hose, clothes, 
hats, nails, carpets, underwear, gloves, 
plows, reapers, furniture, watches, ma- 
chinery, or anything else, is making more 
money than you are, there is nothing to pre- 
vent you from making the same things and 
getting some of that extra profit. If you 
cannot make the goods and get some of that 
surplus money he is supposed to be getting, 
either he is smarter than you are, or he has 
some advantage you don't have. In either 
case the remedy is in your own hands — but 
it doesn't consist in taking a whack at the 
tariff. 

Perhaps there is another problem to solve, 
which explains extra profits. 

The Marselite thinks there is — which is 
another subject. 



34 



LIGHT ON EXCESSIVE PROFITS 

When you have proved that exchange is 
not a trading of goods for goods, and you 
have also proved that a protective tariff 
does not give any individual or corporation 
an advantage, because every one is free to 
manufacture the protected goods, you have 
not satisfied the skilled gentleman who 
works in a shop that his employer isn't get- 
ting rich and powerful. 

Neither have you satisfied the gentleman 
who raises cotton, corn, wheat, cattle, hogs, 
etc., that the manufacturer has no advantage 
over him. Your theory may appear all 
right, but the facts seem to be against you. 

If we have a theory that is correct it must 
work in practice, because a theory is simply 
an explanation of the relation of facts. 

What is the trouble with our theory? 
The Marselite points out that we do not 
take into consideration all the facts. 

The big fact that we overlook is that 
every one is not free to engage in the making 



THE MARSELITE 



of articles protected by the tariff. Or, 
more correctly stated, every one cannot en- 
gage in their manufacture under the same 
conditions. 

Most every protected industry is carried 
on under an additional protection which 
prevents home competition. This protec- 
tion is the possession of a right to make 
patented articles, the right to use patented 
machinery or patented processes. 

Here we have an explanation of excess 
profits: 

A protective tariff, preventing foreign 
competition, and the patent laws, prevent- 
ing home competition. 



36 



TRUSTS AND PATENTS 

The Marselite Suggests a Plan for Preventing Trusts, There- 
by Removing the Necessity of Regulation 

The method of prevention of trusts was 
set forth by Robert De Mars, and his views 
are herewith presented. 

It may be broadly stated that a trust or 
combination of manufacturers or producers 
of any kind is only possible where some 
exclusive right or privilege is enjoyed. 
Competition is the surest regulation, and to 
obtain freedom of competition all special 
rights and privileges should be withdrawn. 

Nearly every trust or combination of 
manufacturers or producers of any kind is 
based upon one of three privileges which 
give a monopoly. One of these, and of 
greatest importance, in the opinion of the 
Marselite, is the ownership of patents. If 
the Earth's people would immediately 
change the patent laws nearly every great 
trust in the United States would be abol- 
ished. 

37 



THE MARSELITE 



One of the most surprising things about 
the laws governing production among the 
Earth's people is the universal adoption by- 
all industrial countries of the most clumsy, 
unjust and senseless law, known as the 
" patent right law." 

The original object of the patent right 
law was to stimulate invention by granting 
the inventor the exclusive right to manu- 
facture, sell or use the product of his brain, 
thereby, in theory, benefiting the commu- 
nity by making it possible to produce more 
cheaply and more effectively by granting 
special rewards to those who devote their 
time to inventions or discoveries. 

The patent law, as it at present exists, 
fosters monopolies and assists in building up 
large fortunes which become a menace to 
the community. They manage differently 
in Mars. Instead of granting the exclusive 
right to the inventor — who can dispose of 
this right in such manner and for such sum 
as he sees fit — the inventor should be 
rewarded by being paid a royalty, and every 
one should be permitted to use the patented 
38 



THE MARSELITE 



article by payment of royalty to the inven- 
tor. This would insure greater reward to 
the inventor, and would give, at once, the 
benefit of inventions to the entire commu- 
nity. As matters now stand with the 
Earth's people, under the vicious patent 
laws, immense numbers of inventions are 
unavailable to the public because they are 
purchased by owners of other inventions 
and shelved, so that they will not come in 
competition with prior patents. 

Inventors, as a rule, spend considerable 
time and usually all their money in perfect- 
ing their inventions. They are then at the 
mercy of those who have capital enough to 
supply their needs. Thus the patent laws, 
as at present existing, do not serve to proper- 
ly reward the inventor, nor to benefit the 
community by giving it the inventions as 
they are developed. 

This seems so self-evident a fact that it is 
surprising a community as intelligent as 
that of the United States will permit such 
vicious laws to exist upon the statute books. 
So said the Marselite. Let us think it over. 

39 



THE MARSELITE 



It will be found, upon analysis, that most 
of the vast fortunes in the United States 
are based upon the exclusive right to man- 
ufacture or do certain things in certain 
ways. 

An immediate change in the patent laws 
would be the greatest trust buster. 



REWARD INVENTOR AND BENEFIT PUBLIC 

Every patent that is granted should be 
placed before the people with drawings or 
models filed in the office of the government 
officials in various parts of the country, so 
that those desiring to utilize them would 
have ready access. 

An inventor would be protected in his 
inventions by having the royalty paid over 
to the Internal Revenue Department, the 
same as excise taxes are now paid. The 
same machinery of government could handle 
the royalties. Stamps could be affixed to 
the patented articles, or government marks 
placed upon them, so that the inventor would 
get the full benefit. The expense of collect- 

40 



THE MARSELITE 



ing could be deducted from the amount paid 
over to the patentee. 

Thus every invention would be immedi- 
ately made available to the public, and mon- 
opoly would be prevented and manufacturing 
would be carried on in nearly every com- 
munity. Under this method, wherever it 
is possible to produce an article advantage- 
ously it would be produced. Small manu- 
facturers and individual makers would start 
up all over the country. This would tend 
to prevent congestion in the larger centers. 

This is a reform easy to bring about. It 
would necessitate no radical change in our 
present laws, nor disturb business to any 
extent. 

This sort of a patent law could be made 
applicable to all future patents granted by 
the Government. A provision could also 
be made in such a law so that manufac- 
turers who now own patents could come in 
under the new order of things by filing a 
declaration that their present patents were 
available to any firm or individual who 
would pay them the proper royalty. 



THE MARSELITE 



The amount of royalty to be paid for the 
privilege of manufacturing patented articles 
should be determined by the Government. 
This royalty, of course, would vary greatly, 
but it is easy to fix such a royalty for each 
article as would properly reward the inven- 
tor and at the same time give the public the 
full benefit of the invention. 



AMOUNT OF REWARD 

Under the present laws of the United 
States a patent is granted for a fixed term of 
years. There is a very grave question as to 
whether or not this is wise. Perhaps it 
would be better to grant a patent to the in- 
ventor under the provision that when a cer- 
tain sum of money had been secured from 
the patent it then became available to every- 
body without the payment of royalty. 

It would seem that a compensation of 
$100,000 to $200,000 would be an adequate 
return. It is true that there are vast dif- 
ferences to the public in the value of patents, 
but it is not wise to have any legislation 



THE MARSELITE 



which will permit any individual or firm to 
secure large fortunes from an exclusive right 
or privilege. 

It must always be borne in mind that the 
object in granting a patent is to stimulate 
invention by properly rewarding the inven- 
tor, not to give manufacturers a special privi- 
lege. It is for a country to say what is 
proper reward. 

This, however, is a matter of detail. A 
broad, undeniable fact is that it is unwise to 
create monopolies by giving exclusive right 
to manufacture a patented article, use pat- 
ented machinery or appliances. 

We constantly hear the argument of the 
Socialists that machinery displaces men by 
the machine doing from four to five times as 
much as one individual can do. This is no 
argument for Socialism, but it is a convin- 
cing argument that everybody should be able 
to utilize a patented machine upon the same 
terms and under the same conditions. The 
whole trouble with the Patent Laws, as at 
present applied, is that they create monop- 
olies and foster combinations, work to the 

43 



THE MARSELITE 



disadvantage of the people at large, and do 
not serve to properly reward the inventor. 



RELIEVE CONGESTION OF CITIES 

Where skilled workmen are now engaged 
in working for great manufacturing com- 
panies they could start their own little shops 
and secure such reward as their skill and in- 
dustry would entitle them to receive. 

Whence would come the opposition to 
such a law? It could only come from in- 
dividuals or corporations who desired to 
have a " cinch" and secure greater benefits 
than their fellow-man. 

Under the present system, combinations 
form for the control of products, because it 
tends toward economy in production, and 
also insures greater profits. 

No one should blame the owner of a pat- 
ent, or the owner of a special privilege, for 
getting everything out of it he can get — 
that is what we all do. It is not wise to pass 
laws permitting people to do certain things 
in certain ways and then attempt to regulate 

44 



THE MARSELITE 



them or say how they shall do these certain 
things. 

It can be easily seen that under the new 
laws the thousands of inventions which are 
being patented every year and bought up 
by holders of prior patents would be avail- 
able to the public immediately, and inven- 
tion would be greatly stimulated and general 
prosperity increased. 

There does not seem to be a single sound, 
reasonable argument against an immediate 
change in our patent laws which would bring 
about the throwing open to the public of all 
inventions as soon as the patents have been 
granted. As stated before, no new ma- 
chinery of government, no radical change in 
administration, need be inaugurated. 

Perhaps there is something wrong with 
these views of the Marselite, but they are 
herewith presented for the consideration of 
the Earth's people. 

Let us think it over. 



45 



THE INVENTOR 1 

By IVAN SWIFT 

A sad man lived in the years of dark 

And numbered the pains of dearth. 
He prayed of the gods a sign and spark 
To lift the burden and light the ark 

For the sons of his weary earth. 

He took for his tithe the tangled thorn 
That falls to our foretime dreams — 
The hate of the loved and the loaner's scorn, 
For the sake of the millions yet unborn, 
And the goal of the right that seems. 

His kinsmen saw but the waste of dower 

And warned of the wretched gain. 
The forge and book and the midnight hour, 
That knew the man in the secret tower, 

Could marvel the mortal brain. 

From a drop of rain and a quoin of steel, 

A coal and a grain of sand, 
He fashioned a lamp for a kingdom's weal, 
And laid man's work on the arc of a wheel 

And watered a wasted land. 

A pleader came with a pewter plate, 

A frock, and a false renown. 
He gave a toy and a writ of state 
To feed the pride of a dreamer's mate — 

And took for his own a crown. 

1 A prominent patent attorney testifies that his big reward 
comes from established corporations as retainers for discourag- 
ing, defeating on technicality, or purchasing cheaply inventions 
likely to become competitive. 

From The Outlook, September 23, 1911. 
Printed by permission. 



OBSERVATIONS ON MONEY 

The Marselite expressed some opinions he 
had formed on our use of money — or the 
method of effecting exchanges — and they 
are in part given here for what they may 
be worth. 

A medium of exchange, to effect its pur- 
pose, must be what the name implies: some- 
thing which is an order that will be accepted 
for goods, lands, taxes, or any of the things 
which we exchange. 

As every one knows, metal or commodity 
money is very little used by modern civilized 
trading people. Checks, drafts, money or- 
ders, notes and paper of different kinds are 
used for probably ninety-five per cent of all 
our transactions. 

There never need be, and in reality there 
never is, any real scarcity of the medium of 
exchange. When there appears to be a 
shortage it is due to two primary causes. 
First, an inability to find a market for that 
which we have to exchange ; second, the fear 

47 



THE MARSELITE 



that we will be unable to secure the one kind 
of medium which every one will accept 
(commodity money or its equivalent, gov- 
ernment notes or bank notes based on gov- 
ernment security). 

This second cause creates a scarcity for 
the reason that a large part of this form of 
money is withdrawn from circulation and is 
hoarded, either to be quickly available to 
meet wants, or for the purpose of getting a 
premium for its use. 

As to the first cause, which creates an 
apparent scarcity of money, the inability to 
find a market for that which we have to ex- 
change: Our Marselite friend pointed out 
the fact, which we all know, that over one- 
half of the Earth's people never have any- 
thing to exchange except labor or services, 
and if production stops or is very much re- 
stricted for even a short time, want and 
an apparent scarcity of money are the first 
symptoms to manifest themselves. 

This scarcity of money is not felt alone by 
those who have only services to exchange, 
but also by the merchants who have stocks 
4» 



THE MARSELITE 



of goods which they cannot exchange be- 
cause the workers are unable to secure the 
money with which to buy them; this in turn 
affects the wholesaler, and then the manu- 
facturer, who, not having an outlet for his 
goods, ceases to make them. His former 
employees are then confronted with the in- 
ability to exchange their services, which is 
manifested in a scarcity of money. 

Here we have a condition where there may 
be plenty of goods of every kind, plenty of 
breadstuffs and everything to supply our 
wants, and still we have what appears to be 
"hard times," or an inability to get money. 



THE BANKER 

Now as to the banker — where does he 
come in? He is supposed to be a dealer in 
money, and when money is needed we all 
turn to him as the one to supply with the 
needed medium of exchange, the merchant, 
the manufacturer, and all who have security 
to offer. 

It develops that the banker is not willing 

49 



THE MARSELITE 



to loan money on even the best stocks of 
goods, or the highest class of securities, rep- 
resenting goods or other forms of wealth. 
He is frequently criticised for the reason that 
he is considered a money lender, whereas 
he is, as a matter of fact, a clearing-house 
or broker in credits, for facilitating ex- 
change. Also, he is a custodian of money — 
other peoples. 

If you have a stock of shoes worth, say 
$6,000.00, which you have clear of debts, 
and desire $2,000.00 to maintain your store, 
pay rent and employees, take care of your 
own living expenses and replenish your 
stock, you will have no difficulty in having 
placed to your credit $2,000.00 on the books 
of the bank, offset by a charge of $2,000.00 
in the form of a 90-day note, provided you 
can show the banker that you will be able 
to exchange $2,000.00 worth of shoes to con- 
sumers and deposit the proceeds before the 
90 days are up. These deposits need not 
consist of one cent of cash, nor need you 
ever draw a dollar of cash from the bank 
on the $2,000.00 loan. It is, in fact, 

So 



THE MARSELITE 



nearly always an exchange of checks, drafts, 
etc. 

If, however, in seeking a credit at the 
bank it develops that your business is not 
good; that you are not at all likely to ex- 
change sufficient goods to offset the credit of 
$2,000.00, the banker is not disposed to ex- 
tend the credit. Then a condition confronts 
you of an apparent shortage of money. It 
isn't a shortage of money. It is shrinkage 
of credit, due to the restriction of exchanges. 
The modern banker is not a money lender. 

Under U. S. banking laws the banker is 
required to have a certain amount of cash 
on hand in relation to his volume of business, 
particularly a percentage of his deposits. So 
that in times of sudden need, panics, etc., 
he is not in a position to extend credits on 
account of inability to maintain his cash 
reserve. 

Everybody is scrambling for the cash 
and the banker is justified in refusing to 
pay out cash to those who are going to hoard 
it and thereby withdraw it from use. 

This may seem unfair but the banker is 



THE MARSELITE 



a custodian of money and must take care 
of the interests of all the depositors. 

In the opinion of the Marselite, it is not 
any shortage of money that causes a re- 
striction of exchange, dull business, panics, 
etc.; but it is the opposite condition — a 
stoppage or restriction of exchange which 
causes an apparent deficiency of the medium 
of exchange, which is principally — almost 
wholly — credit money, checks, drafts, 
money orders, notes, etc. 



SHRINKING OF BUSINESS 

The next inquiry is, What causes a 
shrinkage, restriction, or stoppage of ex- 
changes? 

The Marselite suggests that there are 
probably two reasons that bring about the 
situation. 

First: Production along lines of over- 
supply in certain directions. This seems to 
occur in cycles in the construction of build- 
ings, both residence and business. This 
form of production may be carried to a point 
52 



THE MARSELITE 



where it goes beyond the needs of the people, 
or, at least, beyond their ability to utilize 
the buildings to advantage. As building is 
carried on among the Earth's people, there is 
no guide to determine when construction 
has been carried beyond the proper point. 

Buildings, being fixed improvements on 
land, and not quickly consumed, as are other 
products of labor, represent production along 
lines that, when carried beyond present 
needs, means a stoppage or restriction of 
production in the building trades for a period 
of years — the period depending on how far 
beyond present needs construction has gone. 

The reason over-production in buildings is 
more likely to occur than in other lines is 
twofold: First, there is no safe guide, as 
there is in other lines, because an excess of 
hats, shoes, clothes, underwear, hose, and all 
manufactured and quickly consumed articles 
is apparent each season, as is also the case 
with agricultural products, so that there is 
always a barometer which regulates — at 
least, to a degree of approximate safety. 
This is not the case with buildings. 

53 



THE MARSELITE 



The second reason why the production of 
buildings is carried beyond present needs is 
the temptation presented in the desire to get 
the benefit of the increase in land values. 
The calculated profit from the capital put 
in the building is supplemented by the ex- 
pected gain in the "unearned increment " in 
the land value. Also homeseekers, seeing 
land constantly increasing in value — as it 
does during a rapid building period — go in 
debt to secure a home, and build beyond 
actual need or ability to pay. 

When, by reason of inability to rent or 
sell buildings at a profit, the excess of build- 
ings becomes apparent, the men engaged in 
the building trades are out of employment; 
the shopmen, brick-makers, and all who are 
engaged in producing building materials are 
out of work. All these are obliged to re- 
strict their consumption. That in turn 
throws those who supplied their needs out 
of work, and we have all along the line a 
cessation of exchange — an apparent short- 
age of money, the medium of exchange; 
when that is not the trouble at all. 



THE MARSELITE 



The second reason why there is a restric- 
tion or stoppage in exchange is due to the 
fact that over half of the people have noth- 
ing to exchange but their labor, and when 
the opportunity to exchange labor for money 
ceases these wage-earners are unable to con- 
sume in the usual normal way the goods 
already manufactured. 

The remedy for this state of things is such 
a distribution of wealth as would permit all, 
or a very large proportion, of the Earth's 
people to always have goods, wealth or 
money on hand which they could exchange 
for other goods. How to bring about this 
condition is a problem. The great differ- 
ences in capacities, judgment and habits of 
the Earth's people in their present state of 
development make a problem of this kind 
very difficult. 

The nearest to a solution of this last prob- 
lem, which is in reality an outgrowth of the 
first, is to so adjust production that there 
would be a uniform supply of commodities, 
and particularly a means of determining 
when the needs for buildings, railroads, and 



THE MARSELITE 



all " fixed improvements" were being prop- 
erly met without a very material over- 
supply. 



EMERGENCY MONEY 

That there arises sudden need for cur- 
rency is admitted and the pledging of 
exchangeable forms of wealth to the govern- 
ment or to bankers under government 
supervision and the issuing of money on 
such security would tend to allay fear and 
restore confidence. 

But this does not help in other than a 
small degree the great mass of the people 
who have only their labor to exchange. 
Perhaps a method of utilizing that labor and 
paying for it with money direct to the 
workers could be devised and the product 
of that labor become the security for an 
issue of money for that purpose. 

There are difficulties, owing to our form 
of government — City, County, State and 
Nation have functions which prevent action 
in this direction being easily taken. But 

56 



THE MARSELITE 



the suggestion was made and it is here 
given. Let us think it over. 

The problem of money resolves itself into 
one of production and exchange, and if we 
keep them in action the money problem 
solves itself. 

Money does not control wealth. Wealth 
controls money — some forms of wealth 
more than others — but wealth always con- 
trols. 

These are some of the Marselite's views on 



money. 

Let us think them over. 



57 



EXPORTS AND IMPORTS 



EXPORTS. 

Merchandise and Specie Exported prom the United 

States During the Fiscal Year Ended 

June 30, 1910. 



Articles. 


Quantities. 


Values. 


Domeatic Merchandise. 


36,802,374 
1,685,474 

46,679,876 
9.040,987 

2.953,633 

10,413,439 

51,445 

3,206,708,226 

55,007 
14,635,075 
10,589.254 

1,292,405,682 

2,216,713 

168,903,985 

196,98*2,550 


$28,124,033 

666,937 

17,447,735 

7,088,994 


Aluminum and Manufactures of. . 


Books, Maps, Engravings, and 


Brass, and Manufactures of 

Breadstuffs: Corn bush. 

" Oats bush. 

" Wheat bush. 

" Wheat Flour. . . .bbls. 
Cars, Carriages, and other Vehicles 


4,355,561 

25.427,993 

794,367 

47,806,598 

47.621,467 

20,630,859 


Chemicals, Drugs, Dyes and Medi- 


21,415,935 


Clocks and Watches and Parts of. 
Coal Anthracite tons 

" Bituminous tons 

Copper Ore tons 

a Manufactures of 

Cotton, Unmanufactured lbs. 


2,588,938 

14,585,632 

25,926,914 

1,304,887 

88.004,397 

450.447,243 

33,397.097 

901,537 

8,700.640 

6.849.250 

9.652.088 
18,885,654 
14,501,635 


Earthen Stone, and China Ware. . 


Fibres, Vegetable, and Textile 

Grasses, Manufactures of 

Fish 


Fruits and Nuts 




2,805,401 




3,415,220 

1,070,907 

1,738,216 

2,062,140 

10.175,634 

12,535,643 

179,133,186 

52.646.755 

951,183 


Hay tons 

Hides and Skins lbs. 

Hops lbs. 

India Rubber Manufactures 

Instruments for Scientific Purposes 
Iron and Steel, Manufactures of . . 
Leather and Manufactures of 


Marble, Stone and Manufactures of 


1,447,989 

3,182,343 

18,681,962 




Nickel, Nickel Oxide and Matts. . . 

Oil Cake, Oil Cake Meal lbs. 

Oils, Animal galls. 

" Mineral Crude galls. 

" Mineral, Refined or Manuf 'd 
" Vegetable 


4,532.897 

18,562,379 

903,001 

5,277.181 
93,813.031 
16,479,301 


Paints, Pigments and Colors 

Paper, and Manufactures of 

ParafBne, Parafflne Wax lbs. 


4,726,565 
8,994,277 
7.886.359 



S8 



THE MARSELITE 



EXPORTS— Conf d . 



Articles. 


Quantities. 


Values. 


Domestic Merchandise. 

Provisions, Beef Products lbs. 

Hog Products lbs. 

** Oleomargarine 

Dairy Products 

Seeds, Clover lbs. 

All Other 


156,786,067 
451,646,645 
129,510.307 

6,'977,685 

1,637,630 

33,534,570 

14,962,662 

126,507,022 

357,196,074 


$13,975,519 

91,415,894 

14.655,052 

2,250,421 

832,676 

2,052,742 

3,620,546 


Spirits, Distilled proof galls. 


1.978.006 
1,274,773 


Molasses, and Syrup galls. 

Sugar lbs. 

Tobacco, Unmanufactured. ... lbs. 

" Manufactures of 

Vegetables 


2,474,976 
5,398,060 
38,115,386 
4,803,101 
4,207,319 


Wood and Manufactures of 

Wool and Manufactures of 


78,813,803 
2,369,283 


Total Exports, Domestic 

Exports, Foreign Merchandise. . 




1,710,083,998 
34,900,722 


Total Exports, Domestic & For'n 




1.744,984,720 


Species, Gold 

'• Silver , 




118,563,215 
55,286,861 






Total Expts., Domestic & F'rgn 




1,918,834,796 



IMPORTS. 

Merchandise and Specie Imported Into the United 
States During the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1910. 



Articles. 


Quantities. 


Values. 


Merchandise. 


163,101,786 

1,624,791 
108,668,070 
871,469,516 


$ 7,839.670 

21,088,720 

6,033,075 

3,111,872 

602,833 

88,790,328 




Books, Maps, Engravings, etc 

Bristles 


Cement, Portland, Hydraulic. . lbs. 
Chemicals, Drugs, Dyes and Med- 


Clocks and Watches, and Part3 of 

Coal, Bituminous tons 

Cocoa Crude, and Shells of . . . . lbs. 

Coffee lbs. 

Copper and Manufactures of (not 


2,571,254 

4,460,919 

11,376,061 

69,194,353 

30,887,841 


Cork Wood, and Manufactures of . 


4,771,391 



59 



THE MARSELITE 



IMPORTS— Cont'd. 



Quantities. 



Merchandise. 
Cotton, Unmanufactured 1 

" Manufactures of 

Earthen, Stone and China Ware 

Feathers, Flowers, etc 

Fertilizers 

Fibres, Vegetable.Unmanufactured 

" Vegetable Manufactures of 

Fruits and Nuts 

Furs, and Manufactures of 

Glass and Glassware 

Hair, Unmanufactured 

Hats, Bonnets and Materials for . 
Hides and Skins, other than Fur 

lbs 

India Rubber and Gutta-Percha 

Crude lbs 

Iron and Steel, and Manufactures of 
Jewelry and Precious Stones. . . 
Lead, Ore and Base Bullion. . ..lbs. 

Leather, and Manufactures of 

Malt Liquors galls 

Meats and Dairy Products 

Oils 



86,037,691 



Paper, and Manufactures of. 

" Stock, Crude , 

Rice 

Silk, Unmanufactured , 

Manufactures of , 



Spirits, Distilled. 
Sugar 

Tea. 



.lbs. 
.lbs. 



Tin, in Bars, Blocks or Pigs 
Tobacco, Unmanufactured. . . . lbs. 

Manufactures of 

Toys 

Vegetables 

Wines 

Wood, and Manufactures of 

Wool, Unmanufactured lbs 

Manufactures of 



608,619,028 
192,195,390 



202,166,987 
7.312,748 



225,400,545 



,088,438,672 
85,626,370 
101,134,508 
46,838,330 



263,939,584 



$15,816,138 

66,473,143 

11,021,126 

11,992,053 

8,371,883 

32,418,839 

57,624,245 

37,423,827 

26,597,644 

6,553,754 

6,019,476 

7,950,530 

112,247,836 

106,861,496 

38,502,457 

50,959,129 

3.643,321 

16,865,937 

3,283,953 

11,043,454 

24,299,589 

11,503,680 

5,206,877 

4,361,237 

67,115,177 

32,888,459 

3,483,459 

7,112,887 

106,075,889 

13,671,946 

30,869,532 

27,751,279 

4,082,583 

6,585,781 

8,273,371 

13,007,293 

54,422,504 

51,220,844 

23,532,175 



Total Merchandise*. 



1,557,819,988 



Gold. 
Silver. 



Total Imports. 



43,339,905 
45,217,194 



1,646,377,087 



♦Including all other articles than those enumerated. 



6o 



THE MARSELITE 



Value of Imports Into and Exports from the United 

States of Merchandise by Countries, Year Ended 

June 30, 1910. 



Countries. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Austria-Hungary 

Azores and Madeira Islands. . . 


§17,408,910 

86,875 

40,059,281 

2,198,334 

132,363,346 

168,806,23V 

9,494 

2,643,005 

140,231 

49.86S.367 

16,351 

31,713,766 

6,551,985 

6,507,733 

36,181 

16,196,154 

1,067,008 

18,453,278 

6,830,477 

25,209,159 

8,689,769 

271,029,772 

591,523 

1,066,409 

95,128,310 

1,299,688 

3,641,298 
1,832,324 
2,012,225 
1,321,767 
2,229,189 
1,176,393 
58,795,943 
12,655 

11,154,683 

122,528,037 

403,926 

346,589 

43,232 

790,579 

2,462,716 

33,463,264 

189 

108,154,491 

20,921,326 

7,485,141 

2,859,714 


$14,962,731 

184,234 

41,116,585 




13,644 903 




117,627 466 




249,555,926 

228,019 

429,670 

3,106 

53,467 053 






Greenland, Iceland, etc 

Italy 




303,009 
84,937,878 






5,949,330 




3,223 855 




479,364 




16,789 930 




4,273 
18.964,403 






5,991,896 




756.770 




1,613,168 


Great Britain and Ireland. . . . 
Bermuda 


505,552,871 
1,323,959 
1,211,852 


British North America: 

Newfoundland and Labrador 
Central American States: 


215,990,021 
4,074,802 

3,050,510 




1,959,246 




1,605,493 




1,690,792 
20,596,371 






1,316,957 




58,193,704 


West Indies: 
British 


39,246 
11,277,963 


Cuba 


62,858,758 




749,174 


Dutch 


658,146 




1,318,224 


Haiti 


4,498,449 




3,106,402 




40,694,941 


Bolivia 


603,721 




22 897,890 


Chile 


8,304,246 




3,979,886 




2,215,951 







6i 



THE MARSELITE 



Value of Imports and Exports, etc. — Cont'd. 



Countries. 


Imports. 


Exports. 


Gulanas: 
British 


$567,793 

925,782 

21,171 

29,170 

7,621,497 

7,413.896 

6,701,352 

2,068,220 

29,990,370 

36,146 

6,442 

1,244,360 

20,610 

70,748,613 

10,651,935 

'2,333,231 

66,398,761 

20,176 

683,371 

1,181,058 

125,882 

8,514,132 

3,495 

14,806,764 

4,168,125 

603,418 

38,270 

17,317,897 

227,108 

2,178,174 

803,612 

125,958 

726,970 

433,098 

212 

6,626 

475,215 

239,996 

i2,'l'76.108 
96,662 


$1,884,331 

685,889 

300,273 

61,142 

4,548,053 

4,272,145 














2,797,210 

531,784 

16.320,612 

3,492 

65,030 






British China 






345,551 




235,768 
9,495,016 
2,241,225 

174,882 
6,467,165 












21,959,310 




442,066 

509,178 

1,039,881 








286,200 


Turkey in Asia 


744,504 
149 




27.696,557 

5,577,088 

544,436 








116,374 




16,832,645 
2,241,448 






9,614,406 




601,133 




284,749 




1,275,392 




200,465 




84,469 




7,731 




60,373 




3,138,775 




22,897 


Turkey in Africa — Egypt. . . . 
Tripoli 


982,845 
14,232 






Total 


$1,557,819,988 


$1,744,984,720 



62 



ABOUT THE PLANET MARS 

Mars' mean distance from the sun is 141,000,000 
miles; the Earth's is 92,000,000 miles. 

Mars' diameter is 4,222 miles; the Earth's 7,918 
miles. 

Mars revolves on its axis in 24 hours 37 minutes 
and 22 seconds; the Earth, in 23 hours 56 minutes 
and 4 seconds; Mars' day is therefore about 30 
minutes longer than the Earth's. 

Mars revolves around the sun in 687 days, in 
round numbers; the Earth, in 365 days, so that 
Mars' year is twice as long as Earth's, less 43 days. 

Mars has seasons the same as the Earth, but 
Mars' seasons are nearly twice as long as the Earth's. 

Mars has two satellites or moons. One of them 
revolves around Mars in about eight hours and is 
very close to the planet, 5,850 miles; the other 
journeys around the globe in about thirty hours, 
and it is also close to Mars, 14,650 miles. Earth's 
moon is over 238,000 miles away from the Earth, 
about which it revolves every 27 days and 8 hours. 

Mars has no mountains. 

Mars has over 400 canals, over 50 of which are 
double. 

Mars has no oceans, as we know of oceans on 
Earth, and has little moisture as compared with 
the Earth. 

Mars is much older than Earth, probably many 
millions of years. 

Mars' atmosphere is much lighter than Earth's, 
and of less depth. 

63 












f 1 






















" 




































1 





























































Above illustrations show the relative difference in size 
between the Planet Mars and the Earth 



64 



DEC 4 , 1911 



One copy del. to Cat. Div. 



DEC 4 1»l! 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




013 722 313 2 # 




I'ijJjj! 


















